How it all began: From Röntgen’s discovery to the first dental X-ray

The story of dental X-rays doesn’t begin with a dentist, a patient, or a dental practice. It begins in a dark laboratory in Germany in 1895, where a physicist noticed something impossible. Unbeknownst to him, dentistry was about to gain a new superpower.

What began as an innovative way to reveal what’s hidden from the human eye, has evolved into highly advanced digital technology, allowing for advanced diagnostics and precise treatment planning.

An accidental discovery💡

That physicist was Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. While conducting experiments with a cathode ray tube enclosed in a solid box, Röntgen noticed a fluorescent screen glowing several metres away.

The tube itself was fully covered, yet the glow persisted – clear evidence that an unknown form of energy was passing through materials previously thought to be opaque.

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was a German physicist who discovered X-rays in 1895, revolutionising medical imaging and earning the first Nobel Prize in Physics.

Unsure of what he had discovered, Röntgen began placing objects between the tube and the screen to observe the effect. Metals cast sharp shadows. Books and wood appeared semi-transparent. When he placed his hand in the path of the radiation, the outline of his bones appeared on the screen.

For the first time, the internal structure of a living human body was visible without an incision.

The world’s first radiograph

A few weeks later, Röntgen replaced the fluorescent screen with photographic plates and captured the now-famous image of his wife’s hand. Bones and soft tissue silhouettes were visible, with her wedding ring suspended starkly in the centre. It was the world’s first radiograph, produced without a scalpel in sight.

The first radiograph ever taken: Wilhelm Röntgen’s 1895 X-ray of his wife’s hand,

The medical community immediately recognised the significance. Clinicians could now look inside the body beneath the skin, without surgery– and dentistry was quick to take notice.

Dentistry enters the picture

Just weeks later, German dentist Dr. Otto Walkhoff produced the first dental radiograph. With no understanding of the risks posed by ionising radiation, Dr. Walkhoff used himself as the test subject.

After twenty-five minutes of exposure, he produced an image so blurred and indistinct that diagnosing anything beyond “yes, these are teeth” would have required supernatural confidence.

Dr. Otto Walkhoff was a German dentist who took the world’s first dental X-ray in 1896, laying the foundation for modern dental radiography.

Despite its limitations, this crude image marked a turning point. Dentistry began shifting away from interpretation and intuition toward visual evidence. Radiographs had entered the diagnostic toolkit.

From 25 minutes to fractions of a second

Dr. Walkhoff endured twenty-five minutes of ionising radiation to produce a radiograph that would not be considered diagnostic quality by modern standards. Today, crystal-clear, high-resolution bitewings are produced in fractions of a second. This contrast alone highlights how far dental technology has advanced over the past 125 years.

Modern digital systems deliver high diagnostic quality at a fraction of the radiation dose, provided equipment is correctly installed, calibrated, and regularly serviced. What is often overlooked is that an X-ray unit drifting out of calibration may not trigger an error message, but may quietly increase exposure without improving image quality

Why regulation still matters

Ionising radiation is inherently dangerous — it has the capacity to damage cells and alter DNA. Dentistry’s responsibility is not to deny that risk, but to control exposure so the diagnostic benefit outweighs the potential harm.

That is why radiation regulation exists. Not as paperwork or punishment, but as a framework to ensure every radiograph delivers clinical value without unnecessary risk to patients or the dental team.

At Gamma Tech, our focus is on helping dental professionals navigate radiation safety and regulatory requirements with confidence and clarity. If you have questions about radiation safety or your legal obligations, our team is here to help.

Modern digital imaging achieves excellent diagnostic clarity with significantly lower radiation exposure, when systems are properly installed, calibrated, and routinely compliance tested.